signaling in pluripotent stem cells is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple mediators, finely tuned to balancing pluripotency and differentiation states. characterizing and modifying the necessary signaling pathways to attain desired cell types is required for stem-cell applications in various fields of regenerative medicine. these signals may help enhance the differentiation potent...

it is clear that colorectal cancer (crc) develops through multiple genetic and epigenetic pathways. these pathways may be determined on the basis of three molecular features: (i) mutations in dna mismatch repair genes, leading to a dna microsatellite instability (msi) phenotype, (ii) mutations in apc and other genes that activate wnt pathway, characterized by chromosomal instability (cin) pheno...